In-State versus Out-of-State Students: The Divergence of Interest between Public Universities and State Governments

This paper examines the divergence of interest between universities and state governments concerning standards for admitting in-state versus out-of-state students. We find that public universities set lower minimum admissions standards for in-state than out-of-state applicants, presumably in response to state pressure; while private universities treat both groups equally. However, we also find that favoring in-state applicants goes against states’ long-term financial interest. This is because marginal out-of-state students pay higher tuition than marginal in-state students, pay more in future state taxes, and are equally influenced in whether they locate in the state after graduation by attending public university there

The Changing Composition of American-Citizen PhDs

We describe patterns in the composition of American-citizen doctorate recipients from the early 1960s to 2000. The propensity of bachelor’s degree recipients to earn PhDs varied widely during the 1960s and 1970s, especially for men, but has been relatively constant since the early 1980s. PhD propensity varies widely across students from different types of BA institutions, with higher propensities among those attending research universities and selective liberal-arts colleges. The share of PhDs awarded to women increased dramatically over the past 40 years and was driven largely by increases in the number of women earning BAs

In-State versus Out-of State Students: The Divergence of Interest between Public Universities and State Governments

This paper examines the divergence of interest between universities and state governments concerning standards for admitting in-state versus out-of-state students. States have an interest in using universities to attract and retain high ability individuals because they pay higher taxes and contribute more to economic development. In contrast, universities have an interest in their graduates being successful, but little interest in where students come from or where they go after graduation. We develop and test a model that illustrates the divergence of interest between universities and their states. We find that public universities set lower minimum admissions standards for in-state than out-of-state applicants, presumably following their states' preferences, while private universities on average treat both groups equally. However we find that states in fact gain financially when public universities admit additional out-of-state students. This is because attending a public university in a particular state increases marginal students' probability of locating in the state after graduation by the same amount regardless of whether students are from in-state or out-of-state. And because marginal out-of-state students earn more, their expected future state tax payments are higher. We also estimate states' financial gain when public and private universities admit additional in-state versus out-of-state students who have middle and high ability levels. Surprisingly, we find that high ability students tend to be at least as strongly influenced in their adult location choices by where they attend university than are middle and low ability students. Since high ability students also earn more, this suggests that states gain financially when their universities attract high ability students, regardless of whether the students are from in-state or out-of-state or the universities are public or private. Our results suggest a rationale for public support of flagship public universities that can attract high-ability students.

Two-dimensional superconductivity at the (111)LaAlO3_3/SrTiO3_3 interface

We report on the discovery and transport study of the superconducting ground state present at the (111)LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ interface. The superconducting transition is consistent with a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition and its 2D nature is further corroborated by the anisotropy of the critical magnetic field, as calculated by Tinkham. The estimated superconducting layer thickness and coherence length are 10 nm and 60 nm, respectively. The results of this work provide a new platform to clarify the microscopic details of superconductivity at LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$ interfaces, in particular in what concerns the link with orbital symmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Commodity prices, commodity currencies, and global economic developments

In this paper we seek to produce forecasts of commodity price movements that can systematically improve on naive statistical benchmarks, and revisit the forecasting performance of changes in commodity currencies as efficient predictors of commodity prices, a view emphasized in the recent literature. In addition, we consider different types of factor-augmented models that use information from a large data set containing a variety of indicators of supply and demand conditions across major developed and developing countries. These factor-augmented models use either standard principal components or partial least squares (PLS) regression to extract dynamic factors from the data set. Our forecasting analysis considers ten alternative indices and sub-indices of spot prices for three different commodity classes across different periods. We find that the exchange rate-based model and especially the PLS factor-augmented model are more prone to outperform the naive statistical benchmarks. However, across our range of commodity price indices we are not able to generate out-of-sample forecasts that, on average, are systematically more accurate than predictions based on a random walk or autoregressive specifications.

Pathways and nerve densities in cerebrovascular innervation

It is gradually becoming clear that cerebrovascular nerves contribute to the control of the cerebral circulation although the knowledge of the functional mechanisms is far from complete. However, many aspects of the morphologic substrate have been identified. The basal cerebral arteries receive sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory innervation, utilizing the superior cervical and stellate, the pterygopalatine and otic, and the trigeminal ganglia, respectively, as the main peripheral sources. Many of the neural pathways to the cerebral arteries have been elucidated. Those to the supratentorial arterial tree are distributed via the cavernous sinus and surrounding regions. Not only the "classical" neurotransmitters, but also many neuropeptides are found in cerebrovascular nerves. This will lead to new insights since the concepts of cotransmission and neuromodulation have been established now. In the arterial wall, a multilayered organization of nerves has been recognized, consisting of paravascular nerve bundles of passage, a superficial plexus and a terminal plexus located at the adventitial-medial border. Human basal cerebral arteries display a topographical heterogeneity of densities of terminal nerve plexuses. Highest nerve densities are found in arterial segments forming the circle of Willis, in the efferent part of the posterior cerebral artery and in the anterior choroidal artery. Nerve density appears to be determined by locality rather than vascular diameter. Furthermore, local decreases in nerve density are observed with ageing and disease in animals and humans.Biomedical Reviews 1995; 4: 35-46

Opportunities and barriers for innovation and entrepreneurship in orphan drug development

Orphan diseases pose both a challenge to the global medical community and an opportunity for it to focus on global peace engineering and innovation. Where, any single orphan disease is rare, when taken as a whole they affect more than 250 million people throughout the world. This number by comparison is larger than the global number of cancer and AIDS patients. We add to the literature by mapping the available knowledge in the orphan drug development field and exploring the tensions at play for innovation and entrepreneurship in this field. We further add to the literature by providing a framework to review this field based on social systems theory. Our review highlights the gaps in research and proposes a path forward in understanding of and learning from the orphan drug development field

Identifying Management of Technology and innovation (MOT) and Technology Entrepreneurship (TE) centers of excellence

It has been over 15 years since the world's centers of research excellence in the management of technology and innovation (MOT) have been acknowledged. We have updated this area of interest through a new study on the current centers of excellence, furthering our investigation in the sub-field of technology entrepreneurship (TE). We based our study on the boundary conditions utilized in previous research, adding new metrics while retaining several of the old. We limited our data sample to peer-reviewed journal articles in recognized base journals. The centers’ research nature and quality were assessed via a series of 37 metrics. We found 809 schools with publications in MOT-recognized base journals and identified 77 non-U.S. centers in Asia, Australia, Europe, South and North America and 21 U.S. centers that meet our criteria for research excellence. Further, a detailed analysis was conducted for the 21 U.S.-based schools, considering metrics such as the number of publications by researchers during the study period, the MOT publication history, editorships of the professors of the centers in the base journals, and number of articles. Similarly, we identified 17 International centers of TE excellence out of the 348 schools that published in TE. We provide tiered results of the top schools excelling in selected areas